stage

README.md

@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ if (auto screen = camera.world_to_screen(world_position)) {
 - **Collision Detection**: Production ready code to handle collision detection by using simple interfaces.
 - **No Additional Dependencies**: No additional dependencies need to use OMath except unit test execution
 - **Ready for meta-programming**: Omath use templates for common types like Vectors, Matrixes etc, to handle all types!
-- **Engine support**: Supports coordinate systems of **Source, Rage, Unity, Unreal, Frostbite, IWEngine, CryEngine and canonical OpenGL**.
+- **Engine support**: Supports coordinate systems of **Source, Unity, Unreal, Frostbite, IWEngine, CryEngine and canonical OpenGL**.
 - **Cross platform**: Supports Windows, MacOS and Linux.
 - **Algorithms**: Has ability to scan for byte pattern with wildcards in ELF/Mach-O/PE files/modules, binary slices, works even with Wine apps. 
 - **Scripting**: Supports to make scripts in Lua out of box.
@@ -113,10 +113,6 @@ if (auto screen = camera.world_to_screen(world_position)) {
 
 <br>
 
-![GTA5 Preview]
-
-<br>
-
 ![OpenGL Preview]
 
 <br>
@@ -148,7 +144,6 @@ if (auto screen = camera.world_to_screen(world_position)) {
 [BO2 Preview]: docs/images/showcase/cod_bo2.png
 [CS2 Preview]: docs/images/showcase/cs2.jpeg
 [TF2 Preview]: docs/images/showcase/tf2.jpg
-[GTA5 Preview]: https://i.imgur.com/W7T8RhZ.png
 [OpenGL Preview]: docs/images/showcase/opengl.png
 <!----------------------------------{ Buttons }--------------------------------->
 [QUICKSTART]: docs/getting_started.md

examples/example_hud/gui/main_window.cpp

@@ -71,7 +71,6 @@ namespace imgui_desktop::gui
             ImGui::SliderFloat("X##ent", &m_entity_x, 100.f, vp->Size.x - 100.f);
             ImGui::SliderFloat("Top Y", &m_entity_top_y, 20.f, m_entity_bottom_y - 20.f);
             ImGui::SliderFloat("Bottom Y", &m_entity_bottom_y, m_entity_top_y + 20.f, vp->Size.y - 20.f);
-            ImGui::SliderFloat("Aspect", &m_entity_aspect, 1.f, 10.f);
         }
 
         if (ImGui::CollapsingHeader("Box", ImGuiTreeNodeFlags_DefaultOpen))
@@ -197,11 +196,7 @@ namespace imgui_desktop::gui
         const DashedBar dbar{m_bar_color, m_bar_outline_color, m_bar_bg_color, m_bar_width,
                              m_bar_value, m_bar_dash_len,      m_bar_dash_gap, m_bar_offset};
 
-        auto outline_helper = [](const bool is_outline) -> Outlined
+        omath::hud::EntityOverlay({m_entity_x, m_entity_top_y}, {m_entity_x, m_entity_bottom_y},
-        {
-            return is_outline ? Outlined::On : Outlined::Off;
-        };
-        omath::hud::EntityOverlay({m_entity_x, m_entity_top_y}, {m_entity_x, m_entity_bottom_y}, m_entity_aspect,
                                   std::make_shared<omath::hud::ImguiHudRenderer>())
                 .contents(
                         // ── Boxes ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -212,18 +207,12 @@ namespace imgui_desktop::gui
                         RightSide{
                                 when(m_show_right_bar, bar),
                                 when(m_show_right_dashed_bar, dbar),
-                                when(m_show_right_labels, Label{{0.f, 1.f, 0.f, 1.f},
+                                when(m_show_right_labels,
-                                                                m_label_offset,
+                                     Label{{0.f, 1.f, 0.f, 1.f}, m_label_offset, m_outlined, "Health: 100/100"}),
-                                                                outline_helper(m_outlined),
+                                when(m_show_right_labels,
-                                                                "Health: 100/100"}),
+                                     Label{{1.f, 0.f, 0.f, 1.f}, m_label_offset, m_outlined, "Shield: 125/125"}),
-                                when(m_show_right_labels, Label{{1.f, 0.f, 0.f, 1.f},
+                                when(m_show_right_labels,
-                                                                m_label_offset,
+                                     Label{{1.f, 0.f, 1.f, 1.f}, m_label_offset, m_outlined, "*LOCKED*"}),
-                                                                outline_helper(m_outlined),
-                                                                "Shield: 125/125"}),
-                                when(m_show_right_labels, Label{{1.f, 0.f, 1.f, 1.f},
-                                                                m_label_offset,
-                                                                outline_helper(m_outlined),
-                                                                "*LOCKED*"}),
 
                             SpaceVertical{10},
                                 when(m_show_ring, ProgressRing{m_ring_color, m_ring_bg, m_ring_radius, m_ring_ratio,
@@ -232,41 +221,33 @@ namespace imgui_desktop::gui
                         LeftSide{
                                 when(m_show_left_bar, bar),
                                 when(m_show_left_dashed_bar, dbar),
-                                when(m_show_left_labels,
+                                when(m_show_left_labels, Label{omath::Color::from_rgba(255, 128, 0, 255),
-                                     Label{omath::Color::from_rgba(255, 128, 0, 255), m_label_offset,
+                                                               m_label_offset, m_outlined, "Armor: 75"}),
-                                           outline_helper(m_outlined), "Armor: 75"}),
+                                when(m_show_left_labels, Label{omath::Color::from_rgba(0, 200, 255, 255),
-                                when(m_show_left_labels,
+                                                               m_label_offset, m_outlined, "Level: 42"}),
-                                     Label{omath::Color::from_rgba(0, 200, 255, 255), m_label_offset,
-                                           outline_helper(m_outlined), "Level: 42"}),
                         },
                         TopSide{
                                 when(m_show_top_bar, bar),
                                 when(m_show_top_dashed_bar, dbar),
-                                when(m_show_centered_top,
+                                when(m_show_centered_top, Centered{Label{omath::Color::from_rgba(0, 255, 255, 255),
-                                     Centered{Label{omath::Color::from_rgba(0, 255, 255, 255), m_label_offset,
+                                                                         m_label_offset, m_outlined, "*VISIBLE*"}}),
-                                                    outline_helper(m_outlined), "*VISIBLE*"}}),
                                 when(m_show_top_labels, Label{omath::Color::from_rgba(255, 255, 0, 255), m_label_offset,
-                                                              outline_helper(m_outlined), "*SCOPED*"}),
+                                                              m_outlined, "*SCOPED*"}),
                                 when(m_show_top_labels, Label{omath::Color::from_rgba(255, 0, 0, 255), m_label_offset,
-                                                              outline_helper(m_outlined), "*BLEEDING*"}),
+                                                              m_outlined, "*BLEEDING*"}),
                         },
                         BottomSide{
                                 when(m_show_bottom_bar, bar),
                                 when(m_show_bottom_dashed_bar, dbar),
-                                when(m_show_centered_bottom,
+                                when(m_show_centered_bottom, Centered{Label{omath::Color::from_rgba(255, 255, 255, 255),
-                                     Centered{Label{omath::Color::from_rgba(255, 255, 255, 255), m_label_offset,
+                                                                            m_label_offset, m_outlined, "PlayerName"}}),
-                                                    outline_helper(m_outlined), "PlayerName"}}),
                                 when(m_show_bottom_labels, Label{omath::Color::from_rgba(200, 200, 0, 255),
-                                                                 m_label_offset, outline_helper(m_outlined), "42m"}),
+                                                                 m_label_offset, m_outlined, "42m"}),
                         },
-                        when(m_show_aim, AimDot{{m_entity_x, m_entity_top_y + 40.f}, m_aim_color, m_aim_radius}),
+                        when(m_show_aim, AimDot{{m_entity_x, m_entity_top_y+40.f}, m_aim_color, m_aim_radius}),
                         when(m_show_scan, ScanMarker{m_scan_color, m_scan_outline, m_scan_outline_thickness}),
                         when(m_show_skeleton, Skeleton{m_skel_color, m_skel_thickness}),
-                        when(m_show_proj, ProjectileAim{{m_proj_pos_x, m_proj_pos_y},
+                        when(m_show_proj, ProjectileAim{{m_proj_pos_x, m_proj_pos_y}, m_proj_color, m_proj_size, m_proj_line_width, static_cast<ProjectileAim::Figure>(m_proj_figure)}),
-                                                        m_proj_color,
-                                                        m_proj_size,
-                                                        m_proj_line_width,
-                                                        static_cast<ProjectileAim::Figure>(m_proj_figure)}),
                         when(m_show_snap, SnapLine{{vp->Size.x / 2.f, vp->Size.y}, m_snap_color, m_snap_width}));
     }
 

examples/example_hud/gui/main_window.hpp

@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@ namespace imgui_desktop::gui
         bool m_opened = true;
 
         // Entity
-        float m_entity_x = 550.f, m_entity_top_y = 150.f, m_entity_bottom_y = 450.f, m_entity_aspect = 4.f;
+        float m_entity_x = 550.f, m_entity_top_y = 150.f, m_entity_bottom_y = 450.f;
+
         // Box
         omath::Color m_box_color{1.f, 1.f, 1.f, 1.f};
         omath::Color m_box_fill{0.f, 0.f, 0.f, 0.f};

include/omath/engines/rage_engine/camera.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 //
-// Created by Orange on 6/3/2026.
+// Created by Codex on 6/3/2026.
 //
 
 #pragma once

include/omath/engines/rage_engine/constants.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 //
-// Created by Orange on 6/3/2026.
+// Created by Codex on 6/3/2026.
 //
 
 #pragma once

include/omath/engines/rage_engine/formulas.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 //
-// Created by Orange on 6/3/2026.
+// Created by Codex on 6/3/2026.
 //
 
 #pragma once

include/omath/engines/rage_engine/mesh.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 //
-// Created by Orange on 6/3/2026.
+// Created by Codex on 6/3/2026.
 //
 
 #pragma once

include/omath/engines/rage_engine/traits/camera_trait.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 //
-// Created by Orange on 6/3/2026.
+// Created by Codex on 6/3/2026.
 //
 
 #pragma once

include/omath/engines/rage_engine/traits/mesh_trait.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 //
-// Created by Orange on 6/3/2026.
+// Created by Codex on 6/3/2026.
 //
 
 #pragma once

include/omath/engines/rage_engine/traits/pred_engine_trait.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 //
-// Created by Orange on 6/3/2026.
+// Created by Codex on 6/3/2026.
 //
 
 #pragma once

include/omath/hud/entity_overlay.hpp

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ namespace omath::hud
     class EntityOverlay final
     {
     public:
-        EntityOverlay(const Vector2<float>& top, const Vector2<float>& bottom, float aspect,
+        EntityOverlay(const Vector2<float>& top, const Vector2<float>& bottom,
                       const std::shared_ptr<HudRendererInterface>& renderer);
 
         // ── Boxes ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -57,22 +57,22 @@ namespace omath::hud
                                              float offset = 5.f);
 
         // ── Labels ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-        EntityOverlay& add_right_label(const Color& color, float offset, widget::Outlined outlined, const std::string_view& text);
+        EntityOverlay& add_right_label(const Color& color, float offset, bool outlined, const std::string_view& text);
 
-        EntityOverlay& add_left_label(const Color& color, float offset, widget::Outlined outlined, const std::string_view& text);
+        EntityOverlay& add_left_label(const Color& color, float offset, bool outlined, const std::string_view& text);
 
-        EntityOverlay& add_top_label(const Color& color, float offset, widget::Outlined outlined, std::string_view text);
+        EntityOverlay& add_top_label(const Color& color, float offset, bool outlined, std::string_view text);
 
-        EntityOverlay& add_bottom_label(const Color& color, float offset, widget::Outlined outlined, std::string_view text);
+        EntityOverlay& add_bottom_label(const Color& color, float offset, bool outlined, std::string_view text);
 
-        EntityOverlay& add_centered_top_label(const Color& color, float offset, widget::Outlined outlined,
+        EntityOverlay& add_centered_top_label(const Color& color, float offset, bool outlined,
                                               const std::string_view& text);
 
-        EntityOverlay& add_centered_bottom_label(const Color& color, float offset, widget::Outlined outlined,
+        EntityOverlay& add_centered_bottom_label(const Color& color, float offset, bool outlined,
                                                  const std::string_view& text);
 
         template<typename... Args>
-        EntityOverlay& add_right_label(const Color& color, const float offset, const widget::Outlined outlined, std::format_string<Args...> fmt,
+        EntityOverlay& add_right_label(const Color& color, const float offset, const bool outlined, std::format_string<Args...> fmt,
                                        Args&&... args)
         {
             return add_right_label(color, offset, outlined,
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ namespace omath::hud
         }
 
         template<typename... Args>
-        EntityOverlay& add_left_label(const Color& color, const float offset, const widget::Outlined outlined, std::format_string<Args...> fmt,
+        EntityOverlay& add_left_label(const Color& color, const float offset, const bool outlined, std::format_string<Args...> fmt,
                                       Args&&... args)
         {
             return add_left_label(color, offset, outlined,
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ namespace omath::hud
         }
 
         template<typename... Args>
-        EntityOverlay& add_top_label(const Color& color, const float offset, const widget::Outlined outlined, std::format_string<Args...> fmt,
+        EntityOverlay& add_top_label(const Color& color, const float offset, const bool outlined, std::format_string<Args...> fmt,
                                      Args&&... args)
         {
             return add_top_label(color, offset, outlined,
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ namespace omath::hud
         }
 
         template<typename... Args>
-        EntityOverlay& add_bottom_label(const Color& color, const float offset, const widget::Outlined outlined,
+        EntityOverlay& add_bottom_label(const Color& color, const float offset, const bool outlined,
                                         std::format_string<Args...> fmt, Args&&... args)
         {
             return add_bottom_label(color, offset, outlined,
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ namespace omath::hud
         }
 
         template<typename... Args>
-        EntityOverlay& add_centered_top_label(const Color& color, const float offset, const widget::Outlined outlined,
+        EntityOverlay& add_centered_top_label(const Color& color, const float offset, const bool outlined,
                                               std::format_string<Args...> fmt, Args&&... args)
         {
             return add_centered_top_label(color, offset, outlined,
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ namespace omath::hud
         }
 
         template<typename... Args>
-        EntityOverlay& add_centered_bottom_label(const Color& color, const float offset, const widget::Outlined outlined,
+        EntityOverlay& add_centered_bottom_label(const Color& color, const float offset, const bool outlined,
                                                  std::format_string<Args...> fmt, Args&&... args)
         {
             return add_centered_bottom_label(color, offset, outlined,

include/omath/hud/entity_overlay_widgets.hpp

@@ -30,11 +30,6 @@ namespace omath::hud::widget
         float thickness = 1.f;
     };
 
-    enum class Outlined
-    {
-        Off,
-        On,
-    };
     struct CorneredBox
     {
         Color color;
@@ -123,7 +118,7 @@ namespace omath::hud::widget
     {
         Color color;
         float offset;
-        Outlined outlined;
+        bool outlined;
         std::string_view text;
     };
 

include/omath/projectile_prediction/proj_pred_engine_legacy.hpp

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include "omath/projectile_prediction/proj_pred_engine.hpp"
 #include "omath/projectile_prediction/projectile.hpp"
 #include "omath/projectile_prediction/target.hpp"
+#include <cmath>
 #include <optional>
 
 namespace omath::projectile_prediction
@@ -96,7 +97,7 @@ namespace omath::projectile_prediction
                         EngineTrait::predict_target_position(target, time, m_gravity_constant);
 
                 const auto projectile_pitch =
-                        maybe_calculate_projectile_launch_pitch_angle(projectile, predicted_target_position);
+                        maybe_calculate_projectile_launch_pitch_angle(projectile, predicted_target_position, time);
 
                 if (!projectile_pitch.has_value()) [[unlikely]]
                     continue;
@@ -130,6 +131,19 @@ namespace omath::projectile_prediction
         [[nodiscard]]
         std::optional<ArithmeticType>
         maybe_calculate_projectile_launch_pitch_angle(const Projectile<ArithmeticType>& projectile,
+                                                      const Vector3<ArithmeticType>& target_position,
+                                                      const ArithmeticType time) const noexcept
+        {
+            if (projectile.m_air_friction > ArithmeticType{0})
+                return maybe_calculate_projectile_launch_pitch_angle_with_air_friction(projectile, target_position,
+                                                                                       time);
+
+            return maybe_calculate_projectile_launch_pitch_angle_without_air_friction(projectile, target_position);
+        }
+
+        [[nodiscard]]
+        std::optional<ArithmeticType> maybe_calculate_projectile_launch_pitch_angle_without_air_friction(
+            const Projectile<ArithmeticType>& projectile,
             const Vector3<ArithmeticType>& target_position) const noexcept
         {
             const auto bullet_gravity = m_gravity_constant * projectile.m_gravity_scale;
@@ -160,6 +174,31 @@ namespace omath::projectile_prediction
             return angles::radians_to_degrees(angle);
         }
 
+        [[nodiscard]]
+        std::optional<ArithmeticType>
+        maybe_calculate_projectile_launch_pitch_angle_with_air_friction(const Projectile<ArithmeticType>& projectile,
+                                                                        const Vector3<ArithmeticType>& target_position,
+                                                                        const ArithmeticType time) const noexcept
+        {
+            if (time <= ArithmeticType{0})
+                return std::nullopt;
+
+            const auto launch_origin = projectile.m_origin + projectile.m_launch_offset;
+            const auto velocity_factor = calculate_air_friction_velocity_factor(projectile.m_air_friction, time);
+
+            if (velocity_factor == ArithmeticType{0}) [[unlikely]]
+                return std::nullopt;
+
+            const auto gravity_acceleration = calculate_projectile_gravity_acceleration(projectile);
+            const auto gravity_displacement =
+                    gravity_acceleration * ((time - velocity_factor) / projectile.m_air_friction);
+            const auto required_velocity = (target_position - launch_origin - gravity_displacement) / velocity_factor;
+            const auto horizontal_speed = EngineTrait::calc_vector_2d_distance(required_velocity);
+            const auto vertical_speed = EngineTrait::get_vector_height_coordinate(required_velocity);
+
+            return angles::radians_to_degrees(std::atan2(vertical_speed, horizontal_speed));
+        }
+
         [[nodiscard]]
         bool is_projectile_reached_target(const Vector3<ArithmeticType>& target_position,
                                           const Projectile<ArithmeticType>& projectile,
@@ -167,10 +206,65 @@ namespace omath::projectile_prediction
         {
             const auto yaw = EngineTrait::calc_direct_yaw_angle(
                 projectile.m_origin + projectile.m_launch_offset, target_position);
-            const auto projectile_position =
+            const auto projectile_position = predict_projectile_position(projectile, pitch, yaw, time);
-                    EngineTrait::predict_projectile_position(projectile, pitch, yaw, time, m_gravity_constant);
 
             return projectile_position.distance_to(target_position) <= m_distance_tolerance;
         }
+
+        [[nodiscard]]
+        Vector3<ArithmeticType> predict_projectile_position(const Projectile<ArithmeticType>& projectile,
+                                                            const ArithmeticType pitch, const ArithmeticType yaw,
+                                                            const ArithmeticType time) const noexcept
+        {
+            if (projectile.m_air_friction <= ArithmeticType{0})
+                return EngineTrait::predict_projectile_position(projectile, pitch, yaw, time, m_gravity_constant);
+
+            const auto launch_origin = projectile.m_origin + projectile.m_launch_offset;
+            const auto launch_velocity = calculate_projectile_launch_velocity(projectile, pitch, yaw);
+            const auto gravity_acceleration = calculate_projectile_gravity_acceleration(projectile);
+            const auto velocity_factor = calculate_air_friction_velocity_factor(projectile.m_air_friction, time);
+            const auto gravity_factor = (time - velocity_factor) / projectile.m_air_friction;
+
+            return launch_origin + launch_velocity * velocity_factor + gravity_acceleration * gravity_factor;
+        }
+
+        [[nodiscard]]
+        static ArithmeticType calculate_air_friction_velocity_factor(const ArithmeticType air_friction,
+                                                                     const ArithmeticType time) noexcept
+        {
+            return -std::expm1(-air_friction * time) / air_friction;
+        }
+
+        [[nodiscard]]
+        Vector3<ArithmeticType> calculate_projectile_launch_velocity(const Projectile<ArithmeticType>& projectile,
+                                                                     const ArithmeticType pitch,
+                                                                     const ArithmeticType yaw) const noexcept
+        {
+            const auto launch_origin = projectile.m_origin + projectile.m_launch_offset;
+            auto projectile_without_air_friction = projectile;
+            projectile_without_air_friction.m_air_friction = ArithmeticType{0};
+
+            return EngineTrait::predict_projectile_position(projectile_without_air_friction, pitch, yaw,
+                                                            ArithmeticType{1}, ArithmeticType{0})
+                   - launch_origin;
+        }
+
+        [[nodiscard]]
+        Vector3<ArithmeticType>
+        calculate_projectile_gravity_acceleration(const Projectile<ArithmeticType>& projectile) const noexcept
+        {
+            constexpr ArithmeticType test_time = ArithmeticType{1};
+            constexpr ArithmeticType acceleration_multiplier = ArithmeticType{2};
+            auto projectile_without_air_friction = projectile;
+            projectile_without_air_friction.m_air_friction = ArithmeticType{0};
+            const auto no_gravity_position = EngineTrait::predict_projectile_position(
+                    projectile_without_air_friction, ArithmeticType{0}, ArithmeticType{0}, test_time,
+                    ArithmeticType{0});
+            const auto with_gravity_position = EngineTrait::predict_projectile_position(
+                    projectile_without_air_friction, ArithmeticType{0}, ArithmeticType{0}, test_time,
+                    m_gravity_constant);
+
+            return (with_gravity_position - no_gravity_position) * acceleration_multiplier;
+        }
     };
 } // namespace omath::projectile_prediction

include/omath/projectile_prediction/projectile.hpp

@@ -15,5 +15,6 @@ namespace omath::projectile_prediction
         Vector3<ArithmeticType> m_launch_offset{};
         ArithmeticType m_launch_speed{};
         ArithmeticType m_gravity_scale{};
+        ArithmeticType m_air_friction{};
     };
 } // namespace omath::projectile_prediction

source/engines/rage_engine/formulas.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 //
-// Created by Orange on 6/3/2026.
+// Created by Codex on 6/3/2026.
 //
 #include "omath/engines/rage_engine/formulas.hpp"
 

source/engines/rage_engine/traits/camera_trait.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 //
-// Created by Orange on 6/3/2026.
+// Created by Codex on 6/3/2026.
 //
 #include "omath/engines/rage_engine/traits/camera_trait.hpp"
 

source/hooks/hooks_manager.cpp

@@ -660,7 +660,7 @@ namespace omath::hooks
 
     LRESULT __stdcall HooksManager::wnd_proc_detour(HWND hwnd, UINT msg, WPARAM w_param, LPARAM l_param)
     {
-        const auto& mgr = get();
+        auto& mgr = get();
         callback_ptr<wnd_proc_callback> cb;
         WNDPROC original;
         {

source/hud/entity_overlay.cpp

@@ -98,11 +98,10 @@ namespace omath::hud
 
         return *this;
     }
-    EntityOverlay& EntityOverlay::add_right_label(const Color& color, const float offset,
+    EntityOverlay& EntityOverlay::add_right_label(const Color& color, const float offset, const bool outlined,
-                                                  const widget::Outlined outlined,
                                                   const std::string_view& text)
     {
-        if (outlined == widget::Outlined::On)
+        if (outlined)
             draw_outlined_text(m_text_cursor_right + Vector2<float>{offset, 0.f}, color, text);
         else
             m_renderer->add_text(m_text_cursor_right + Vector2<float>{offset, 0.f}, color, text.data());
@@ -111,12 +110,12 @@ namespace omath::hud
 
         return *this;
     }
-    EntityOverlay& EntityOverlay::add_top_label(const Color& color, const float offset, const widget::Outlined outlined,
+    EntityOverlay& EntityOverlay::add_top_label(const Color& color, const float offset, const bool outlined,
                                                 const std::string_view text)
     {
         m_text_cursor_top.y -= m_renderer->calc_text_size(text.data()).y;
 
-        if (outlined == widget::Outlined::On)
+        if (outlined)
             draw_outlined_text(m_text_cursor_top + Vector2<float>{0.f, -offset}, color, text);
         else
             m_renderer->add_text(m_text_cursor_top + Vector2<float>{0.f, -offset}, color, text.data());
@@ -393,12 +392,12 @@ namespace omath::hud
         return *this;
     }
 
-    EntityOverlay& EntityOverlay::add_bottom_label(const Color& color, const float offset, const widget::Outlined outlined,
+    EntityOverlay& EntityOverlay::add_bottom_label(const Color& color, const float offset, const bool outlined,
                                                    const std::string_view text)
     {
         const auto text_size = m_renderer->calc_text_size(text);
 
-        if (outlined == widget::Outlined::On)
+        if (outlined)
             draw_outlined_text(m_text_cursor_bottom + Vector2<float>{0.f, offset}, color, text);
         else
             m_renderer->add_text(m_text_cursor_bottom + Vector2<float>{0.f, offset}, color, text);
@@ -408,13 +407,13 @@ namespace omath::hud
         return *this;
     }
 
-    EntityOverlay& EntityOverlay::add_left_label(const Color& color, const float offset, const widget::Outlined outlined,
+    EntityOverlay& EntityOverlay::add_left_label(const Color& color, const float offset, const bool outlined,
                                                  const std::string_view& text)
     {
         const auto text_size = m_renderer->calc_text_size(text);
         const auto pos = m_text_cursor_left + Vector2<float>{-(offset + text_size.x), 0.f};
 
-        if (outlined == widget::Outlined::On)
+        if (outlined)
             draw_outlined_text(pos, color, text);
         else
             m_renderer->add_text(pos, color, text);
@@ -424,7 +423,7 @@ namespace omath::hud
         return *this;
     }
 
-    EntityOverlay& EntityOverlay::add_centered_bottom_label(const Color& color, const float offset, const widget::Outlined outlined,
+    EntityOverlay& EntityOverlay::add_centered_bottom_label(const Color& color, const float offset, const bool outlined,
                                                             const std::string_view& text)
     {
         const auto text_size = m_renderer->calc_text_size(text);
@@ -432,7 +431,7 @@ namespace omath::hud
                 m_canvas.bottom_left_corner.x + (m_canvas.bottom_right_corner.x - m_canvas.bottom_left_corner.x) / 2.f;
         const auto pos = Vector2<float>{box_center_x - text_size.x / 2.f, m_text_cursor_bottom.y + offset};
 
-        if (outlined == widget::Outlined::On)
+        if (outlined)
             draw_outlined_text(pos, color, text);
         else
             m_renderer->add_text(pos, color, text);
@@ -442,7 +441,7 @@ namespace omath::hud
         return *this;
     }
 
-    EntityOverlay& EntityOverlay::add_centered_top_label(const Color& color, const float offset, const widget::Outlined outlined,
+    EntityOverlay& EntityOverlay::add_centered_top_label(const Color& color, const float offset, const bool outlined,
                                                          const std::string_view& text)
     {
         const auto text_size = m_renderer->calc_text_size(text);
@@ -452,7 +451,7 @@ namespace omath::hud
         m_text_cursor_top.y -= text_size.y;
         const auto pos = Vector2<float>{box_center_x - text_size.x / 2.f, m_text_cursor_top.y - offset};
 
-        if (outlined == widget::Outlined::On)
+        if (outlined)
             draw_outlined_text(pos, color, text);
         else
             m_renderer->add_text(pos, color, text);
@@ -460,9 +459,9 @@ namespace omath::hud
         return *this;
     }
 
-    EntityOverlay::EntityOverlay(const Vector2<float>& top, const Vector2<float>& bottom, const float aspect,
+    EntityOverlay::EntityOverlay(const Vector2<float>& top, const Vector2<float>& bottom,
                                  const std::shared_ptr<HudRendererInterface>& renderer)
-        : m_canvas(top, bottom, aspect), m_text_cursor_right(m_canvas.top_right_corner),
+        : m_canvas(top, bottom), m_text_cursor_right(m_canvas.top_right_corner),
           m_text_cursor_top(m_canvas.top_left_corner), m_text_cursor_bottom(m_canvas.bottom_left_corner),
           m_text_cursor_left(m_canvas.top_left_corner), m_renderer(renderer)
     {

source/lua/lua_hud.cpp

@@ -159,19 +159,13 @@ namespace
         return {1.f, 1.f, 1.f, 1.f};
     }
 
-    [[nodiscard]]
-    omath::hud::widget::Outlined outlined_from_bool(const bool outlined)
-    {
-        return outlined ? omath::hud::widget::Outlined::On : omath::hud::widget::Outlined::Off;
-    }
-
     [[nodiscard]]
     omath::hud::EntityOverlay make_overlay(const omath::Vector2<float>& top, const omath::Vector2<float>& bottom,
                                            const std::shared_ptr<LuaHudRenderer>& renderer)
     {
         if (!renderer)
             throw std::invalid_argument("hud renderer must not be nil");
-        return {top, bottom, 4.f, renderer};
+        return {top, bottom, renderer};
     }
 
     [[nodiscard]]
@@ -380,37 +374,37 @@ namespace omath::lua
                 [](omath::hud::EntityOverlay& overlay, const omath::Color& color, const float offset,
                    const bool outlined, const std::string& text) -> omath::hud::EntityOverlay&
                 {
-                    return overlay.add_right_label(color, offset, outlined_from_bool(outlined), text);
+                    return overlay.add_right_label(color, offset, outlined, text);
                 },
                 "add_left_label",
                 [](omath::hud::EntityOverlay& overlay, const omath::Color& color, const float offset,
                    const bool outlined, const std::string& text) -> omath::hud::EntityOverlay&
                 {
-                    return overlay.add_left_label(color, offset, outlined_from_bool(outlined), text);
+                    return overlay.add_left_label(color, offset, outlined, text);
                 },
                 "add_top_label",
                 [](omath::hud::EntityOverlay& overlay, const omath::Color& color, const float offset,
                    const bool outlined, const std::string& text) -> omath::hud::EntityOverlay&
                 {
-                    return overlay.add_top_label(color, offset, outlined_from_bool(outlined), text);
+                    return overlay.add_top_label(color, offset, outlined, text);
                 },
                 "add_bottom_label",
                 [](omath::hud::EntityOverlay& overlay, const omath::Color& color, const float offset,
                    const bool outlined, const std::string& text) -> omath::hud::EntityOverlay&
                 {
-                    return overlay.add_bottom_label(color, offset, outlined_from_bool(outlined), text);
+                    return overlay.add_bottom_label(color, offset, outlined, text);
                 },
                 "add_centered_top_label",
                 [](omath::hud::EntityOverlay& overlay, const omath::Color& color, const float offset,
                    const bool outlined, const std::string& text) -> omath::hud::EntityOverlay&
                 {
-                    return overlay.add_centered_top_label(color, offset, outlined_from_bool(outlined), text);
+                    return overlay.add_centered_top_label(color, offset, outlined, text);
                 },
                 "add_centered_bottom_label",
                 [](omath::hud::EntityOverlay& overlay, const omath::Color& color, const float offset,
                    const bool outlined, const std::string& text) -> omath::hud::EntityOverlay&
                 {
-                    return overlay.add_centered_bottom_label(color, offset, outlined_from_bool(outlined), text);
+                    return overlay.add_centered_bottom_label(color, offset, outlined, text);
                 },
 
                 "add_right_space_vertical", &omath::hud::EntityOverlay::add_right_space_vertical,

tests/engines/unit_test_rage_engine.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 //
-// Created by Orange on 6/3/2026.
+// Created by Codex on 6/3/2026.
 //
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <omath/engines/rage_engine/camera.hpp>

tests/general/unit_test_prediction.cpp

@@ -283,6 +283,34 @@ TEST(ProjectileSimulation, HitsNegativeYawTarget_WithOffset)
     expect_projectile_hits_target(proj, target, 400, 1.f / 1000.f, 50, 5.f, 10.f);
 }
 
+TEST(ProjectileSimulation, HitsStaticTarget_WithAirFriction)
+{
+    constexpr Target target{
+            .m_origin = {75, 0, 0}, .m_velocity = {0, 0, 0}, .m_is_airborne = false};
+    constexpr Projectile proj = {
+            .m_origin = {0, 0, 0}, .m_launch_speed = 100.f, .m_gravity_scale = 0.f, .m_air_friction = 0.5f};
+
+    const Engine engine(0.f, 1.f / 1000.f, 10.f, 0.1f);
+    const auto aim_angles = engine.maybe_calculate_aim_angles(proj, target);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(aim_angles.has_value());
+    EXPECT_NEAR(aim_angles->pitch, 0.f, 0.1f);
+    EXPECT_NEAR(aim_angles->yaw, 0.f, 0.1f);
+}
+
+TEST(ProjectileSimulation, AirFrictionLimitsMaximumReach)
+{
+    constexpr Target target{
+            .m_origin = {150, 0, 0}, .m_velocity = {0, 0, 0}, .m_is_airborne = false};
+    constexpr Projectile proj = {
+            .m_origin = {0, 0, 0}, .m_launch_speed = 100.f, .m_gravity_scale = 0.f, .m_air_friction = 1.f};
+
+    const Engine engine(0.f, 1.f / 1000.f, 10.f, 0.1f);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(engine.maybe_calculate_aim_point(proj, target).has_value());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(engine.maybe_calculate_aim_angles(proj, target).has_value());
+}
+
 TEST(UnitTestPrediction, AimAnglesReturnsNulloptWhenNoSolution)
 {
     constexpr Target target{

tests/general/unit_test_projection.cpp

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@
 #include <omath/engines/frostbite_engine/camera.hpp>
 #include <omath/engines/iw_engine/camera.hpp>
 #include <omath/engines/opengl_engine/camera.hpp>
-#include <omath/engines/rage_engine/camera.hpp>
 #include <omath/engines/source_engine/camera.hpp>
 #include <omath/engines/unreal_engine/camera.hpp>
 #include <omath/linear_algebra/triangle.hpp>
@@ -17,49 +16,6 @@
 #include <print>
 #include <random>
 
-template<class NumericType>
-static NumericType random_visible_component(std::mt19937& gen, std::uniform_real_distribution<NumericType>& dist)
-{
-    auto value = dist(gen);
-    if (std::abs(value) < static_cast<NumericType>(50))
-        value += value < NumericType{} ? -static_cast<NumericType>(50) : static_cast<NumericType>(50);
-
-    return value;
-}
-
-template<class CameraType, class ViewAnglesType, class NumericType>
-static void verify_random_look_at_targets_project_to_screen_center(const omath::Vector3<NumericType>& origin,
-                                                                   const ViewAnglesType& view_angles,
-                                                                   const omath::projection::ViewPort& view_port,
-                                                                   const NumericType near_plane,
-                                                                   const NumericType far_plane, const unsigned int seed)
-{
-    std::mt19937 gen(seed);
-    std::uniform_real_distribution<NumericType> dist(static_cast<NumericType>(-500), static_cast<NumericType>(500));
-
-    constexpr auto fov = omath::projection::FieldOfView::from_degrees(75.f);
-    auto cam = CameraType(origin, view_angles, view_port, fov, near_plane, far_plane);
-    const auto screen_center_x = static_cast<NumericType>(view_port.m_width / 2.f);
-    const auto screen_center_y = static_cast<NumericType>(view_port.m_height / 2.f);
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
-    {
-        const auto target = origin
-                            + omath::Vector3<NumericType>{
-                                    random_visible_component(gen, dist),
-                                    random_visible_component(gen, dist),
-                                    random_visible_component(gen, dist),
-                            };
-
-        cam.look_at(target);
-
-        const auto projected = cam.world_to_screen(target);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(projected.has_value()) << "iteration: " << i;
-        EXPECT_NEAR(projected->x, screen_center_x, static_cast<NumericType>(0.1));
-        EXPECT_NEAR(projected->y, screen_center_y, static_cast<NumericType>(0.1));
-    }
-}
-
 TEST(UnitTestProjection, Projection)
 {
     constexpr auto fov = omath::Angle<float, 0.f, 180.f, omath::AngleFlags::Clamped>::from_degrees(90.f);
@@ -1159,54 +1115,6 @@ TEST(UnitTestProjection, LookAt_ForwardVectorPointsAtTarget)
     EXPECT_NEAR(fwd.z, 0.f, 1e-4f);
 }
 
-TEST(UnitTestProjection, SourceEngine_LookAtRandomWorldPointsProjectToScreenCenter)
-{
-    verify_random_look_at_targets_project_to_screen_center<omath::source_engine::Camera>(
-            {10.f, -20.f, 30.f}, omath::source_engine::ViewAngles{}, {1920.f, 1080.f}, 0.01f, 5000.f, 101);
-}
-
-TEST(UnitTestProjection, UnityEngine_LookAtRandomWorldPointsProjectToScreenCenter)
-{
-    verify_random_look_at_targets_project_to_screen_center<omath::unity_engine::Camera>(
-            {-15.f, 25.f, -35.f}, omath::unity_engine::ViewAngles{}, {1280.f, 720.f}, 0.03f, 5000.f, 102);
-}
-
-TEST(UnitTestProjection, UnrealEngine_LookAtRandomWorldPointsProjectToScreenCenter)
-{
-    verify_random_look_at_targets_project_to_screen_center<omath::unreal_engine::Camera>(
-            {100.0, -50.0, 25.0}, omath::unreal_engine::ViewAngles{}, {1920.f, 1080.f}, 0.01, 5000.0, 103);
-}
-
-TEST(UnitTestProjection, FrostbiteEngine_LookAtRandomWorldPointsProjectToScreenCenter)
-{
-    verify_random_look_at_targets_project_to_screen_center<omath::frostbite_engine::Camera>(
-            {-4.f, 2.f, 8.f}, omath::frostbite_engine::ViewAngles{}, {1600.f, 900.f}, 0.01f, 5000.f, 104);
-}
-
-TEST(UnitTestProjection, IWEngine_LookAtRandomWorldPointsProjectToScreenCenter)
-{
-    verify_random_look_at_targets_project_to_screen_center<omath::iw_engine::Camera>(
-            {40.f, -60.f, 20.f}, omath::iw_engine::ViewAngles{}, {1920.f, 1080.f}, 0.01f, 5000.f, 105);
-}
-
-TEST(UnitTestProjection, OpenGLEngine_LookAtRandomWorldPointsProjectToScreenCenter)
-{
-    verify_random_look_at_targets_project_to_screen_center<omath::opengl_engine::Camera>(
-            {-30.f, 70.f, 15.f}, omath::opengl_engine::ViewAngles{}, {1920.f, 1080.f}, 0.01f, 5000.f, 106);
-}
-
-TEST(UnitTestProjection, CryEngine_LookAtRandomWorldPointsProjectToScreenCenter)
-{
-    verify_random_look_at_targets_project_to_screen_center<omath::cry_engine::Camera>(
-            {5.f, 15.f, -25.f}, omath::cry_engine::ViewAngles{}, {1280.f, 720.f}, 0.01f, 5000.f, 107);
-}
-
-TEST(UnitTestProjection, RageEngine_LookAtRandomWorldPointsProjectToScreenCenter)
-{
-    verify_random_look_at_targets_project_to_screen_center<omath::rage_engine::Camera>(
-            {-5.f, 45.f, 10.f}, omath::rage_engine::ViewAngles{}, {1280.f, 720.f}, 0.01f, 5000.f, 108);
-}
-
 // ---- is_culled_by_frustum (triangle) ----
 
 TEST(UnitTestProjection, TriangleInsideFrustumNotCulled)